Childhood Vaccination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1184 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Childhood Vaccinations Infectious diseases have ravaged the world since recorded history. In the year 400 B.C. Hippocrates described mumps diphtheria, epidemic jaundice, and other conditions (6), indicating that disease was a recognized problem dating back thousands of years. Infectious diseases are bodily disorders caused by microorganisms, such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. All kinds of organisms are present on the human body, ranging from beneficial to harmful. Under specific conditions, these organisms are given the ability to become diseases. Some examples of these microorganisms are pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenza and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Three categories are used to describe the intensity of an infectious disease: outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic. An outbreak is when multiple cases of a disease occur in an unexpected, but isolated, area. An epidemic is declared when there is a significant rise in the occurrence of a disease in a given region, while a pandemic occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide and infects a large part of the human population. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Vaccination" essay for you Create order Even in modern times, outbreaks of disease threaten our civilization. Malaria is still rampant in tropical climates, causing thousands of deaths annually. This disease still lacks a safe and reliable vaccine, however physical measures have been installed for protection. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009 was unexpected and became the most recent pandemic. Now, H1N1 is covered by the seasonal flu vaccine. Due to a decline in vaccinations, the MMR (Measles Mumps Rubella) trio of diseases has had stronger outbreaks with more severe cases. As history shows, vaccinations are undeniably good for the masses. They control outbreaks and prevent death from controllable, infectious diseases. However, vaccinations and their implementation are controversial. There is a high cost of implementation of vaccines, especially since the government intervenes to try and make them affordable. There is also a strong belief that vaccines might have a detrimental effect on an individuals health, due to adverse reactions. Also, in some religions, vaccines are highly opposed. The delivery system of vaccines greatly affects the safe administration of the vaccine, through its manufacture and storage. Another controversial theory is that vaccines interfere with the natural order of things, causing viruses to evolve faster into more severe strains that vaccines with eventually be unable to prevent. A large portion of the costs of vaccines comes from the initial development. The governments intervention, specifically within the school systems, has also greatly affected the rates of elimination of common infectious diseases in the United States, diseases like: diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and meningitis. With the requirement that students are immunized before attending school, a larger percentage of students are continuing to be up to date on their immunization records. The impact of vaccines on the individual is immense. There are many factors that contribute to successful vaccinations; therefore, there are many steps that could lead to an unsuccessful vaccination. The timing of the administration of the vaccine is important, is it more beneficial to inoculate early, or to inoculate a more mature immune system? Theres also controversy concerning the idea that giving too many vaccines at once hinders a persons immune system, while others say that giving them all at once gives the body more time to recover from all of them. The government has now required certain vaccinations be given to children before starting school, but is this violating a persons right to education and privacy? Do the benefits of children being vaccinated and preventing minor outbreaks at school outweigh the costs of losing rights? The delivery system of vaccines can impact the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations. The storage of vaccines, including location, temperature, and security, must be properly managed to ensure that the vaccine is able to prevent disease. Expiration dates cannot be exceeded for the same reason. Vaccines include preservatives that prolong shelf life. In the past, the common preservative was mercury or a related substance. Because mercury is believed to have adverse effects, it has been removed, but it is important that the preservatives are properly maintained to avoid causing problems for patients. Providers must handle the vaccines correctly to ensure that patients do not become ill because of improper sanitation. Training is essential to making sure that mistakes are prevented. Proper training will ensure that the provider recognizes patient conditions, like existing illnesses or known allergies, which could result in adverse reactions. One of the concerns that many parents have is that children are being inoculated against many diseases at such a young age. Parents fear that this aggressive timeline is too much for a young childs immune system to handle. Still others avoid vaccines because they believe that they will actually become sick with the disease they are being vaccinated against. This has been proven not to be true, but the concern continues. There are people who think that vaccinations should be stopped because they interfere with the natural order of life. Some proponents of that view believe that the deaths caused by the diseases are natures way of controlling the population or eliminating the weak members of society. Others fear that the diseases being controlled will mutate into diseases that are more deadly and/or unmanageable. Some religions believe that vaccinations conflict with Gods will, so they object to government requirements that children in school be vaccinated for certain diseases. It is interesting to note that there has been a rise in recent years regarding parents against vaccinations. It could almost be thought that history is somehow repeating itself; as there is increased security and safety, those who wish to be contrary rises. Even though there are many who have serious concerns about vaccinations, the vaccination programs in the United States and Europe have been so successful that they have inspired the 20th-century concept of disease eradication. This concept proposes that selected diseases could be eradicated from all human populations through global cooperation. The best example that supports this concept is that, in 1977, after a decade-long campaign involving 33 nations, smallpox was eradicated worldwide. Some parents also wonder, if the worst diseases have been eradicated, then why must their children receive vaccinations against them? Some are unable to see that diseases are still living organisms, which change and alter themselves over time. If there are many children that do not receive the smallpox vaccine, then that group is more susceptible to any disease that is derived of smallpox. Diseases are looking for ways to live too, which is why it is so shortsighted to believe that any kind of eradication would be a long-term solution. Conclusion Vaccinations are controversial, but they have been proven to save lives. Although individuals may have concerns about the safety, effectiveness, and/or appropriateness of vaccines and government vaccination programs, they continue to be developed and distributed worldwide. It would be highly beneficial, however, to begin providing parents with a more detailed explanation of what vaccines are, and what they do to protect children. Most distrust arises out of the fear of the unknown, so a very detailed immunization curriculum would likely aid in maintaining the percentage of youth and children being vaccinated.

The War For The Independence Of Israel - 1642 Words

The war for the independence of Israel was not a war as much as it was a hostile takeover of Palestine by any means necessary. Two infamous Jewish forces, the Irgun and the Haganah, often used terror tactics to achieve their goals and both focusing their energies on reprisals against Arabs and the British. Their tactics killed hundreds of innocent civilians in the name of a Jewish state and the Haganah even attacked their own people, framing the Palestinians, in order to generate support and sympathy for the their cause, but these acts appealed to some who â€Å"believed that any action taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state was justified.† There were unquestionably consequences to these actions as well as violent reactions to a Jewish state from other Middle Eastern states. When Israel finally declared independence, â€Å"the armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Iraq invaded Israel† and began the first war between the Arabs and now Israelis. Although the Arab Legion lost the war against Israel, in part to the support Israel received from the United States, it set a precedent for Arab-Israeli relations which have been tense every since and there still has yet to be reconciliation between the Israelis and Palestinians, who continue to be oppressed and persecuted. Elias Chacour was struggling to understand the conflict as it increasingly tightened its grip on his life. His family and entire village was tricked into leaving their homes in Biram only to realizeShow MoreRelatedThe War For Independence From Israel3240 Words   |  13 PagesHamas, a democratically elected organization, has been waging a war for independence from Israel since its founding in 1987. This fighting has intensified steadily after its successful election in January 2006. Hamas is considered a terrorist organization, therefore Gaza, their ruling territory, has been nearly completely cut off from the most basic supplies. 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The War of Independence, The Six Day War, and the 1956 Sinai Campaigns were all major events that had major effects on Israel. The book starts out with the war of independence in the town of Latrun with the Haganah 7th brigade. The battle of Latrun was a battle that took place in beginning phases of the war. This battle was a failure to the Haganah 7th brigade, which was newer formedRead MoreWhy Did Israel Win the First Arab-Israeli War1248 Words   |  5 PagesOn May 14 1948, Israel declared its independence as a new state. A war that officially lasted approximately 19 months ended with the Israelis’ victorious and proud owners of a legal Jewish homeland. Despite the fact that there is a vast array of sources, especially with the opening of the Israeli and foreign archives, they are all immeasurably biased and all tend to have opposing opinions one nearly every aspect of both the Arab-Israeli conflict and War. A number of factors led to this outcome namelyRead MoreThe Arab Israeli War ( 1948-49 ) A Political Conflict?1719 Words   |  7 PagesLuke Horsley Preliminary Modern History Mr. Powell Historical Investigation â€Å"To what extent was the First Arab-Israeli War (1948-49) a political conflict?† WORD COUNT: 1388 In order to assess to what extent the First Arab-Israeli war was a political conflict, a working definition of ‘political conflict’ is needed. In this essay, the phrase ‘political conflict ’ refers to conflict motivated or influenced by a nation’s government or by the power, interests and securityRead MoreMiddle East Conflict Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition for the area known as the Middle East since shifts in global power over the years have affected the topography. Now, however, the region can expansively be said to contain â€Å"the area from Libya E to Afghanistan, usually including Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the other countries of the Arabian peninsula† (dictionary.com). This geographical definition can be said to contain both the ‘Near East’, ‘Middle East’, and even farther to the East andRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 W ords   |  6 Pagesbeen devoted to the topic of Israel and the underlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability

Progression of friendship and its dramatic Essay Example For Students

Progression of friendship and its dramatic Essay A Study of the Progression of friendship and its dramatic and political purpose in Athol Fugards The Island The Island is a story portraying the mental journey of two inmates of the notorious Robben Island jail in South Africa. Robben Island is a island off the coast of south Africa, were there is a jail. During the time of the apartheid, when this play was set, it housed the so-called political prisoners of the time including, the most famous of all of them, Nelson Mandela who was imprisoned for over 30 years. The two inmates have been imprisoned for burning their passbooks in protest to the regime forced upon them. These passbooks were little books that essentially said where they could go and what they could do. In this essay I aim to analyse the friendship, and how it progresses, between the two inmates John and Winston and also how Fugard uses this relationship for dramatic and political purposes. In this play we are presented with two people, Winston and John, who are sharing the same hardships and suffering equally under them. From this alone it is safe to assume that they would not last long under these conditions unless they were both supportive to each other. In the opening scene John and Winston are working away, each is digging a hole in the sand and placing what has been dug out into a wheelbarrow, when the wheelbarrow is full they wheel it over to the hole that the other is digging and tip the sand in. By doing this they are creating a self-perpetuating punishment in which the faster they work the more work the other will have to do. This is an important moment in the play as we see that Fugard has, through Hodoshe, carefully constructed this punishment so as to instil John and Winston with the idea that the other is to blame for the punishment. When the two return they talk about the experience, and they are aware of Hodoshes plan against them to try and break their solidarity. John- I laughed at first then I hated you Winston- Thats what he wanted. John- It was going to last forever, man! Because of you. And for you because of me This incident introduces some dramatic tension by showing that the two central characters are in fact as human as you or me and that their conflicts even though are in some way trivial contain an essence of true human nature. Under the circumstances Fugard shows us that John and Winston, even though they are friends, would feel the same as we would in their situation, resentful of the other for inflicting this damage upon them, while aware that it wasnt their actual fault. After the exchange mentioned above they emphasis the fact that they hated each other, repeating it and stressing the word, John the places a hand on Winstons shoulder and affirms their brotherhood as if by saying that they did hate each other but that is over now. The tension is already obvious here, and it is this aspect of tension, the need to blame someone for their problems and the fact that they are in a cell together that gives this play a dramatic realism. So often we see the classic story of cells mates who fight the other inmates or the warders but never is the friendship tested in such a way as it is here. The story takes an interesting twist when we learn that the two have been planning a performance of Antigone for a concert in the prison. .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .postImageUrl , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:hover , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:visited , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:active { border:0!important; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:active , .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2 .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u116b64a1673cbf86da5dbdf11b63f5a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Significance EssayWe witness more tension when it becomes apparent that Winston is not that interested in learning the plot. When asked whether Antigone pleads guilty or not, he answers not guilty. John then reprimands him, but Winston repeats that she is not guilty. Winston then explodes saying, To hell with the play! Antigone had every right to bury her brother. From this it is obvious that the theme and plot of Antigone have affected him greatly. Fugard uses the argument to show us that Winston is still passionate about the cause of his imprisonment; he was fighting against the state for a just cause. Antigone was imprisoned for the same reason; she went against the state and buried her brother to appease the Gods. This is the dignity that he regains at the end In a later scene Winston tries on the costume for Antigone. John then does a send-up of Winstons Antigone, which again leaves Winston enraged. John then shows him that everyone will know it is him under the costume. This helps but only for a short while. Winston remains angry and the verbal fight continues only to be interrupted by Hodoshes entrance. He summons John to come with him and leads him away. Winston meanwhile is still trying to get to grips with the costume and the fact that he will have to portray a woman, when John returns he says very kindly why he cant do the performance, and when John tries to interject with a completely different point Winston cuts him off by saying that he doesnt want to argue anymore and that theyve been in the cell to long together to quarrel anymore. He then notices Johns sombre mood and then John explains why. He is going to be released in three months time. At first Winston celebrates with John, as it is truly good fortune for him, then reality sets in. There is now an extremely dramatic change of mood, this is a bombshell for Winston as here was this person who he has spent every day and every night with and expected to spend the next few years with, and suddenly he is being taken away. Winston then turns sour towards John, playing with his mind by talking about the three months, counting them down day-by-day, building up the excitement. He then starts talking about when John will be released and what his friends and family will do for him. The thoughts of his ensuing freedom again become too much for him. This seems like an incredibly twisted and inhumane thing for Winston to do, especially when you take into account the fact that these are best friends. Fugard shows how fallible we are in that when we should be celebrating our friends triumph we sometimes cannot feel anything else but jealousy. When we read about Johns release we feel happy for him and naturally we feel sad for Winston, yet we do not feel the same resentment that Winston feels as Fugard is presenting us with a form of empathy that is too difficult to picture when we sit here in comfort reading this and imagining ourselves and one of our friends in the same situation. This situation holds the most tension and therefore dramatic realism in the play I feel, as it shows the depths that human nature can sink to. The play ends with the performance of Antigone, and also with Winstons realisation of the nobility of the cause he and John have fought for, they have laid down their lives in the pursuit of a greater future for all, a truly unselfish act. He tells John to forget him as he will do the same, it is this acceptance and inner-peace that is Winstons redeeming quality both for us the readers, and for John. .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .postImageUrl , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:hover , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:visited , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:active { border:0!important; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:active , .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52 .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81b21469b295ff3cc51c6d14607c8f52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Othello William Shakespeare Tragedy EssayFugard portrays that human nature has good qualities and that friendship is so strong a bond that these qualities can be preserved and are always present. At the end of their performance they mime being chained together and jog off the stage, friendship intact once again. This performance has, for Winston, put his dignity and nobility back in place instead of the jealousy and resentment he showed before. The parallels between the political and personal situation here are great, as we see how the struggle of friendship in intense situation emulates political struggles. Both John and Winston are imprisoned for the cause and they regret it at times yet they persevere and do not give up, earlier they talk about another inmate called, Old Harry, who has lost all hope and sense of who he is. Old Harry became a simple drone, doing the tasks set by the prison warders with such perfection as they were the only things that meant anything to him.

Meritocratic Explanations Of Advancement -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Meritocratic Explanations Of Academic Advancement? Answer: Introduction A multinational corporation/company is an enterprise that operates in many countries but is managed from one point, home country. A company that gets more than a quarter of its revenue from operations outside the home country is classified under MNC. Coca-Cola, BMW, and Total are among the most common MNCs globally. Through investing in other countries, MNCs have led to the growth of the host countrys economy, the flow of capital, development of infrastructure, the introduction of new technologies and creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, MNCs have been blamed for; influencing the policies of host countries, providing poor working conditions, providing limited access to training, giving low pay and encouraging gender-based discrimination. Recently, there have been complaints concerning discrimination against women in MNCs. Therefore, this report shows how KPMG, a company that operates in more than one continent, instigates gender-based inequalities. This will entai l focusing on the economic theory of labor market discrimination, gender inequality issues faced by KPMG and impact on women. The conclusion shall summarize the report and call for action by organizations operating across borders. Economic Theory of labor market discrimination The theory of labor market discrimination investigates why particular groups in the labor market are disadvantaged. Certain characteristics such as race, gender, age or religion count a lot in labor market. For example, why do women and minority ethnic groups have poor wages and low opportunities? This theory states that discrimination is consumption good of the firms management and that firms that discriminate are those willing to pay more than the prevailing market wage (Baron, 2013, p. 24). They are also willing to pay less than the market-available talent level. This implies that firms that practice discrimination make less than those that do not condone it. Wage difference occurs because of two reasons. People from the disadvantaged group are given less for doing a particular job and all of them are crowded in a particular job resulting in low pay. Secondly, the level of unemployment is higher for particular groups compared to others. KPMG and gender discrimination in India A report by the Gender Diversity Benchmark in 2011 showed that Indian MNCs have fewest women staff. They looked at 21 leading multination companies and discovered that the country was last among 6 Asian countries analyzed. Also, the study discovered that not only did India have the lowest number of women staff, but also lost most women employees as they went along. The participation of women in the workforce in India is currently at 24.43%. This is very low compared to other countries such as China (49.79%) and Malaysia (47.35%) (Adityanath, 2015, p. 2). Although MNCs are considered to have flexible working hours and inclusive policies, judging by statistics, the number of women staff is very low. This begs the question: why are women few in MNCs? Inequality between men and women starts at education; when both of them are seeking equal opportunities in education. This is instigated by the peoples culture which seems to view men as superior to women. In India, women outperform in care-taking qualities while men impress in taking-charge qualities (Nielsen, 2016, p. 2044). This mentality is encouraged in educational institutions thus making women shy away from jobs which require them to take charge. Another reason for low participation of women in the workforce in India is because women looking for more balanced lives lack interest in entering the workforce in MNCs (Kini, 2012, p. 900). Most of them choose a happily married life and let their husbands work. Surveys show that only 4 out of 10 CEOs in India view women advancement as instrumental in their organizations (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 2). This could be because, today, most international firms in India still practice institutional sexism which holds that men are abler tha n women. Gender-discrimination in India can also be analyzed from the wage perspective. There are wage differences in male and female jobs. Men in India earn 25% more than women. This gap increased from 24.1%, in 2015, to 27.2%, in 2016 (Allen, 2012, p. 10). This proves that gender is still a strong parameter in determining salaries in India. Pay gaps in MNCs stem from choices an individual has to make in relation to education, occupation, profession, sector, working hours and size of the company. For example, a woman in India would choose to work part-time so as to fulfill her obligations as a wife back at home. The disparity in working hours translate into pay, Meaning, a man who does the same job but working for more hours will be paid more (Geva, 2011, p. 560). However, this is just one scenario of a pay gap. There are also situations where women and men may be having the same responsibilities, same working hours, same education level but different pay. Similarly, a report by National Commission for Women showed that there was a rise in sexual harassment at workplace in India. For example, in 2013, there were 249 complaints of sexual harassment at work (Eagleman, 2015, p. 234). The number of complaints doubled in 2014. All these happen despite the clear guidelines provided by the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act that seeks to protect women against sexual harassment at their workplace. The literature on gender discrimination in India is a representation of what women working in MNCs go through. This could be the reason behind India having the fewest women in the workforce. MNCs may attract them by convincing them that they have flexible working hours and offer the best chance in advancing their careers (Greenwood, 2013, p. 355). But they choose to stay at home because of sexual harassment, low pay, and mistreatment at work. Aditi Bojkar was a Chartered accountant working with KPMG in India. Allegedly, she faced sexual harassment in 2006. Sadly, the firm declined to create an internal committee, as provided in the Vishakha guidelines, to look further into the charges (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 2). Frustrated by how the company was handling this issue, she resigned. However, the company refused to accept her resignation, instead, they terminated her services. This slowed down her career growth. The company set up a committee to investigate the matter only after when the media caught wind of the issue and started doing some inquiry. The victim failed to show up before the committee claiming that the whole process was not valid since there was no employer-employee relationship.Because the issue continued to catch the attention of many people and countries, the accused, a senior partner at the firm, resigned. Despite being asked to comment on this, the firm refused to issue any statement regarding the conne ction between his resignation and the sexual harassment claims. KPMG and gender discrimination in the U.S. Most MNCs are based in the U.S. However, this does not imply that the country does not host foreign companies. For example, the number of subsidiaries of Japanese companies operating in the U.S. is on the rise (Andelic, 2011). Often, this increase is analyzed from their impact on the economy and their influence on women staff is underrated. Compared to other countries, U.S. is doing well in ensuring equality, between men and women at workplace, is achieved. For instance, equality in pay has improved drastically since 1997 when women earned 38% less compared to men (Houchins, 2015). Also, the participation of women in the workforce has increased to 60% (Green, 2011, p. 9). Although statistics from the U.S concerning the participation of women in the labor force is encouraging, there are still cases where women are discriminated or sexually abused. For example, women are still relegated office support and administrative positions like clerk typists, administrative assistants, and secretaries. Employers who practice discrimination at workplace justify their actions by stating that women lack skills to perform non-traditional and higher-paid positions. In the case where women are promoted to managerial and supervisory posts, they are prevented from attaining higher-level roles through every means, including intimidation. Also, most women in MNCs in the U.S are given work responsibilities stereotyped as female roles. Most women who fall in this category are paid less than the males in those job categories. Employers justify the reason for the pay gap by stating that women are the weaker sex unable to perform well in a business or corporate work environment (Andelic, 2011, p. 95). Moreover, they claim that men have family responsibilities hence they need to earn more than women to take care of their families. Clearly, gender discrimination at the workplace in MNCs is purely and simply based on gender and the general perception of the society that women are not as able as men. Meaning, even if the firm was in its home country, women will still be paid less than their male colleagues and have higher risks of being sexually harassed at the workplace. Donna Kassman, a former female senior manager filed a 350 million dollar class action discrimination lawsuit against KPMG in the U.S.,District Court for the Southern District of New York, 2011. She resigned from the company, after seventeen years, because of gender discrimination (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). She claimed that the company engages in systematic discrimination against its female managers,-senior managers and managing directors. The plaintiff said that the lawsuit was directed towards ending systematic gender discrimination at the company; discriminatory pay, promotion practices and policies, and failure to investigate and resolve discrimination and harassment complaints. In her statement, Kassman claimed that KMPG refused to promote her. Her supervisor repeatedly gave her false hopes that she was next in line to be promoted between 2008 and 2009 (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). It is also during the same period that two of her male colleagues complained that she was unapproachable. These claims drastically derailed her career advancement. She was advised to meet with a specialist to advise her on how she could work on her issues and the two male colleagues who forwarded complaints against Kassman were promoted (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). Kassman also recalled when her base salary was cut down by $20,000 when she was on maternity leave. The company gave no reasons for slashing her salary. When she enquired further, her supervisor told her that she did not need that amount because she had a nice engagement ring. This shows how KPMG tolerates and perpetuates gender discrimination. In October.2010, Kassman resigned because she could no longer tolerate the discrimination and harassment anymore (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). Plus, it was so clear that KPMG had no intentions of addressing the situation. In October 2015, 9,000 more women joined the class lawsuit against KPMG law firm, Sanford Heisler, on behalf of Donna Kassman. Her complaints were amended in 2012 to accommodate the additional plaintiffs. 900 of these women have signed to be part f the suit by the end of 2014.Those that had not made this request had until 31st January 2015, to do so. In their response, KPMG stated that they did not intend to comment on the ongoing litigation. However, they said that they have reviewed all complaints brought forward against them and found them unsupported by facts. Additionally, the company insisted that, in line with their vision and mission statements, they are committed to the advancement of women and addressing the challenges women go through in their workplaces. One explanation for gender discrimination by MNCs is traditional notions that men are more capable than women hence they work more resulting to them being paid more. In the case of Donna Kassman, former senior manager at KPMG, U.S firm, she realized that she was being paid less than her male colleagues. Her salary was cut down without explanation or provocation while she was on a maternity leave. When she enquired from her supervisor, he told her she did not need that much money judging from her engagement ring. Meaning women are paid less and the society does not expect them to complain since they have men to take care of them (Hyde, 2014, p. 375). Her not being consulted about a salary cut shows how much MNCs does not value womens opinions, even on issues that concern them directly and could affect their lifestyle. The theory of labor market discrimination states that wage difference occurs where a particularly disadvantaged group may be crowded in one job. However, the findings of this study point to a different direction regarding wage difference; women are paid less because they are women, not because they are many in the same job (Willstrop, 2015, p. 3) .For example, KPMG has very few women in leadership positions, yet they pay them less compared to their male counterparts. Also, the findings of this study show that MNCs are more concerned about their image to the external publics than internal publics. For example, in Bojkars case, the company was silent on addressing her sexual harassment complaints. In fact, no inquiry committee was set up to look into the matter. However, when the media started covering the story, KPMG set up an inquiry committee. Clearly, they did not want to look bad to the external publics who love and support companies that respect and protect their employees regardless of race, gender and class. Impact of Gender Inequalities practiced by MNCs According to statistics, 68% of women believe that discrimination at work, based on gender, still exists (Tienari, 2014, p. 435). Despite the protections put forward by the government such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 in the U.S., gender discrimination still exists, probably more rampant than it did 10 years ago (Madhani, 2014, p. 36). In this section, we shall discuss what has been written on the effects of gender discrimination by MNCs. Gender discrimination leads to lost productivity. Those who have been discriminated lose the morale and energy to carry out their responsibilities (Naude, 2013, p. 20). Among things that could lead to the individual losing morale are; pranks offensive jokes about the persons gender or implying that the persons performance is sub-par because of her gender. Similarly, discrimination based on gender can make supervisors deny passing a person over for promotion by virtue of that person being female (Elo, 2015, p. 26). Admittedly, this happens to both genders; however, women experience it more often than their male colleagues. This is because of preconceived perceptions on their roles and responsibilities in the society. For example, most supervisors recommend men working in industries for promotion. The woman who has been discriminated may feel some form of strong resentment towards the culprit or the company. Thus, she may resort to wanting to destroy those who mistreated her (Andelic, 2011, p. 97). This manifests itself in form of violent behavior towards other, destruction of property or spreading malicious lies about the company that could end up destroying the companys image to a point of no-return. The law prohibits any form of gender discrimination at the workplace. This also applies to MNCs in host countries. They have to respect and protect their women staff (Randall Leavy, 2014, p. 35). Respect and protection mean equal pay, fair treatment, and no harassment. Unfortunately, most MNCs discriminate women based on gender (Rumens, 2016, p. 117). Some victims are lucky to receive compensation after filing complaints, but they constitute a very small percentage. Many culprits walk away free and their careers continue to flourish while their victims wallow in sadness and depression. Conclusion The purpose of this report was to provide the role of Multinational Companies (MNCs) in creating gender-based inequalities like wage gap, discrimination and workplace sexual abuse. Gender inequalities are among organizational issues in a global context. KPMG Company is a multinational organization with branches in India and U.S. It was used as a case study in this report and it helped in concluding that MNCs create and encourage gender-based discrimination by not taking action when their female employees complain of discrimination or sexual harassment. Although the constitution has pledged to protect and empower women, the latter continues to live in bondage in her own country because the society is not willing to change its position on her place in this world. Therefore, this report recommends that companies operating the global business context should develop and implement gender equality policies to protect staff from discrimination. References List Adityanath, Y., 2015. Most Indian Companies and MNCs not Compliant with the Sexual Harassment Act. [Online] Available at: https://www.dnaindia.com [Accessed 21 March 2017]. Allen, R. C., 2012. Technology and the great divergence : Global economic development since 1820. Journal of Economic History, pp. 1-16. Andelic, G., 2011. The impact of Globalization on the Insurance and Reinsurance Market of Eastern Europe. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, pp. 95-112. Baron, J. N., 2013. Empathy wages?: Gratitude and gift exchange in employment relationships. Journal metrics, pp. 24-30. Eagleman, A., 2015. Constructing gender differences: Newspaper portrayals of male and female gymnasts at the 2012 Olympic Games. Sport in Society, pp. 234-247. Elo, M., 2015. Diaspora Networks in International business: A review of emerging stream research. Handbook on International Alliance and Network Research, pp. 13-40. Geva, D., 2011. Different and Unequal? Breadwinning, Dependency Deferments, and the Gendered Origins of the US Selective Service System. Armed Forces Society, pp. 598-618. Green, J., 2011. How Does Globalization Affect an Organization's Business Approach?. Small Business.chron, pp. 8-12. Greenwood, M., 2013. Ethical analyses of HRM: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 355-366. Houchins, M., 2015. This Day in History: Equal Pay Trailblazer Lilly Ledbetter Turns 77. [Online] Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov [Accessed 7 October 2016]. Hyde, J. S., 2014. Gender Similarities and differences. Annual Review of Psychology, pp. 373-398. Kini, D., 2012. Materials management: The key to successful project management. Journal of Management in Engineering, pp. 865-876. Madhani, P. M., 2014. Corporate governance of Indian firms: An Industry Perspective. International Business Review, pp. 34-50. Naude', W., 2013. Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory of evidence and policy. Browser Download This Paper, pp. 15-43. Nielsen, W. M., 2016. Gender inequality and research performance: Moving beyond individual-meritocratic explanations of academic advancement. Studies in Higher Education, pp. 2044-2060. Randall, R. Leavy, B., 2014. India: MNC Strategies for growth and Innovation. Strategy Leadership, pp. 30-39. Rumens, N., 2016. Sexualities and accounting: A queer theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 35, pp. 111-120. Tienari, J., 2014. 17. no gender, please, we're international management scholars!. Research Handbook on women in International management, pp. 435-439. Willstrop, J., 2015. The Long and Slow Journey towards equal pay and attention for women's sports. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com [Accessed 12 October 2016]. Wittels, S. Heisler, L., 2011. Accounting Giant KPMG LLP Faces $350 Million Gender Discrimination Class Action. [Online] Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com [Accessed 21 March 2017].

Proposal Modeled on Swifts Modest Proposal

China has been the most highly populated country in the world for innumerable years. Its population on December 1st 2010 was approximately 1,355,033,812 (Population of China 2010 n. p.). From a head count of almost 660 million in 1961, the figure rose rapidly and crossed the one billion mark between 1981 and ’82 (Population of China 2010 n. p.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Modeled on Swift’s Modest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, the increase in population in the two decades within a 1961-1981period (approximately 340 million or 17 million per year) is more or less equal to the increase in the subsequent three decades between 1981-’82 and 2010 (approximately 355 million at only 12 million per year). It may be surmised that some measures were put into place around 1980 to control the burgeoning birth rate to over 12 million births per year. China had been through a traumatic lustrum immediately after its famine in 1962, in which a reported figure of 30 million citizens died of starvation. People learned by default how to manage with limited resources and it dawned upon them that their biggest problem lay in the large numbers of mouths to feed. On their own, they started reducing the size of their hitherto huge families. Chairman Mao, leader of People’s Republic of China, latched on this trend and came out in favor of small families, particularly because China was just about finding its global feet post-famine nearing the 1970s (Li 446). However, the Chinese people’s pace of reducing family size was relatively slow. Facing wide-ranging socio-economic problems linked with overpopulation, Chinese authorities resorted to diverse methods to keep population under control (Cook n. d.). As assessed above, â€Å"China started the one child per family policy officially in 1979† (Cook n. p.). Families were offered various incentives to limit their offspring to one. â€Å"Stiff punishments were threatened to deter families from procreating more than one child, like fifty percent income tax, withdrawal of jobs or other benefits, forced medical termination of unauthorized pregnancies† (Cook n. p.) and other draconian measures. â€Å"Chinese preference for male offspring showed up as a huge number of cases of female infanticide† (Cook n. p.). In a study called The Ratio of Males to Females in China, the Chinese, like Indians and many other Asians, â€Å"prefer sons to daughters outright† (Liu Zhang n. p.).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is an age-old custom, based on the irrefutable fact that only male offspring can carry the family name forward. Their supposedly better earning power allows them to take their parents in and care for them in their dotage or periods of poor health . Daughters are lost to their parents once wed, and will not be in a position to take their parents under their wing. Chinese authorities anticipated and put down violent internal dissensions that followed the implementation of these highly unpopular Government policies. Specific disapproval was voiced volubly around the globe, with most developed countries, along with a few others, expressing their condemnation of Chinese birth control policies in no uncertain terms. In a calculated move, the Chinese Government allowed only rustic couples, whose first child was a girl, to conceive a second child. What is cleverly concealed is the fate of the second fetus once an ultrasound gender check showed that the unborn baby was again a girl. â€Å"China, however, rejoiced internally, having reduced their charted population growth by 250-300 million births post 1979† (China’s one child policy may be relaxed: Overpopulation complexity n. p.). This is a factor that has been vindica ted by its pre-eminent status in the economic world today in per capita terms. It has been said that Chairman Mao did not believe in five or ten year policies. He invariably looked one full generation ahead. Liu and Zhang (n. p.) also state that a linked study has found that China had 32 million more boys than girls under the age of 20 in 2005 and has attributed this imbalance to the one child per family policy as well as female infanticide. As part of the population under study has reached marriageable and childbearing age, this discrepancy needs to be put right urgently. The Chinese Government is still casting about to find a suitable solution. I would like to draw attention to a solution proposed by Jonathan Swift in his highly acclaimed satire published in 1729, ‘A Modest Proposal’, as quoted infra: I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wh olesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled†¦(Swift 53).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Modeled on Swift’s Modest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Swift also has another theory, stated tongue in cheek by a Frenchman, that â€Å"most children are born nine months after Lent† (54) and the market would be full of one-year olds early the next year. In an acerbic aside, the author expects the child’s parent’s to earn money by â€Å"skinning the corpse and using the skin to make attractive gloves for ladies and elaborate boots for men† (Swift 3). I find the proposals both repugnant and hideous. I believe that Swift has overshot his satirical remit at this stage. I have an alternative and simple proposal. As soon as a Chinese woman finds herself pregnant, she should voluntarily have the gender of her child tested, on pain of ostracism. If male, than child sh ould be marked for abortion. Assuming an equal number of births by gender, as many as six million male children will be born every year. The inequity of 32 million cannot be wiped off in five consecutive years, by terminating all male fetuses during those five years. For instance, let us assume that all male fetuses were aborted starting in January 2011. No male child would be born till early 2016. The male female imbalance would be set right, no doubt, but there would be no boy ready for marriage for five years starting around 2032. I therefore suggest that one out of two males be randomly aborted during the period 2011-2020, so that the imbalance is evened out in a phased manner (Population of China 2010 n. p.). Aborted fetuses are treated as excreta and cremated without further ado. In my opinion, this is an unnecessary waste of food. In my opinion, these fetuses could well be eaten as delicacies. ‘Embryo Dumplings’ as an item on a menu, whether at home or in an eate ry, sounds delicious. Such nourishment might not be the elixir of life, but will certainly contribute to extending youthfulness while retarding the ageing process, if only in China. Perhaps other countries might follow suit. Moreover, it would add a small bit to that country’s stockpile of eatables, providing ‘food’ to the population at large. Works Cited China’s one child policy may be relaxed: Overpopulation complexity: Peak Oil news message boards; 2010; Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cook, Jamie. Population Control and Consequences in China, 1999; Web. Li, Gucheng. A glossary of political terms of the People’s Republic of China. Chinese University Press, 1995. Liu, Tao, and Xing-yi Zhang. Ration of males to females in China. 2009. Web. Population of China 2010; True Knowledge. n. d.; Web. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal and Other Satirical Works. US: Courier Dover Publications, 1996. This essay on Proposal Modeled on Swift’s Modest was written and submitted by user Black Bolt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aflatoxins Essays

Aflatoxins Essays Aflatoxins Essay Aflatoxins Essay Drumhead Aflatoxins are extremely toxic fungal metabolites found in human and carnal nutrients. Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolite nowadays in animate being, feedstuff and alterations to Aflatoxin M1 in milk. Aflatoxin M1 has a considerable hygienic hazard for human wellness. Previous researches have been shown different attacks for decontamination of this metabolite. Removal of Aflatoxin M1 by chemical, physical and biological methods has been studied. In old surveies, some species of Fungis and bacteriums have been demonstrated to degrade or adhere the Aflatoxin M1 in liquid media. In this research, two species of Lactic Acid Bacteria ( LAB ) are used. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus have the of import function in yoghurt production and agitation. In this survey, adhering activities of these two strains will be assessed in milk and yogurt and binding degrees of strains will be compared with each other. Besides, the degra ding ability in milk and yogurt will be considered and compared. Then the treatment will be made that which type of merchandise has been shown more binding ability and analyzing the chief factors and chief grounds that will be done for the achieved consequences. Description of scientific aim Mycotoxins are the secondary toxic metabolite of Fungis, produced in the terminal of logarithmic growing stage. Production of mycotoxins depends on handiness of sufficient and suited of indispensable foods for growing, suited environment such as the specific humidness, temperature, PH, and the presence of toxigenic molds. They affect on the undermentioned factors: growing rate in immature animate beings and babies, interfere in mechanism of organic structure, fondness on immunological system and cause reactivity ( Pier, 1981 ) . Higher degree of these factors leads to decease by damaging the kidney and liver ( Hayes, 1980 and Dvorackova, 1990 ) . Harmonizing to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) ,25 % of the universe s harvest contaminated by mycotoxins ( Giessen, 1998 ) . Aflatoxins are one of the chief groups of mycotoxins. They have extremely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunosuperssive effects on assorted carnal species and homo. They are produced by three strains of fungi Aspergillus flavus, A.parasiticus and A.nominus. Aflatoxin s best temperature for growing is between 12oc- 40oc ( Koehler et al. , 1985 ) . Four types of toxins have been found in these metabolites which are divided in two groups B ( B1, B2 ) and G ( G1, G2 ) . Aflatoxin B1 has the inveterate toxic effects on mammals produced by A.flavus and A.parasiticus ( Palmgreen and Hayes 1987 ) . Aflatoxin B1 is normally found in carnal grocery and taint occur during harvest home, storage, processing, transporting and silage. Corn, peanuts, cottonseed and rice are the chief harvests contain the high degree of Aflatoxins. Aflatoxin M1 ( AFM1 ) is the hydorxylated metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 in the milk. This metabolite was foremost detected in cow milk. It had been fed the contaminated maize and peanut by Aflatoxin B1. There is a relationship between the sum of AFM1 in the milk and ingestion of contaminated grocery by AFB1 ( Sassahara et al. , 2005 ) . After consumption and digestion of AFB1 by ruminant, it is synthesized to AFM1 in the milk. Metabolizing of AFM1 occur in animate being s liver ( Frobish et al. , 1988. , Van Egmond and Paulsch, . 1986 ) . Previous studied have been estimated that about 0.3- 6.2 % of AFB1 in animate being s ration convert to AFM1 in milk ( Creppy, 2002 ) . AFB1 transition to AFM1 includes four stairss. The carcinogenic authority and toxicity of aflatoxin M1 is 10 times less than aflatoxin B1 but the acutely hepatotoxic is same as AFB1 ( Cullen et al. , 1987 and Lafont et al. , 1989 ) . The European Commission ( EC ) has accepted a bound of 50 ng/l for AFM1 for milk ( European Commission, 2001 ) while the US nutrient and Drug Administration ( US FDA, 1 996 ) has recommended the maximal degree of 500 ng/l for AFM1 in milk. In existent fact, taint of milk and milk merchandises by AFM1 depends on several environmental factors such as season, geographics, state. The degree of AFM1 in dairy merchandises is variable between hot and cold conditions. In spring and summer, animate beings are fed by grass, grazing land, weed while in winter dressed ores used less than leafy vegetables. It causes a autumn in AFM1 degree ( Galvano et al. , 1996 ; Pitet, 1998 ; Sarimehmetoglu et al. , 2003 ) . In old surveies, AFM1 is non destroyed during the heat processes like pasteurization or alterations are non obvious ( Yousef and Marth, . 1989 ) . Besides, in yogurt and cheese production the pollution degree of AFM1 does non alter and remains stable. ( BARBIERI et al, 1994 ; CREPPY, 2002 ; GALVANO et al. , 1996 ; PITET, 1998 ) . Another survey has been confirmed 9 % of addition in AFM1 when the yogurt was produced from contaminated milk ( Van Egmond et al. , 1977 ) . The best manner to avoid the presence of AFM1 in dairy merchandises is to command the carnal grocery during crop, storage and maintain them in suited status to forestall AFB1 formation. Different methods and factors are available and have been tested before to detoxicate the aflatoxins from nutrient and provender stuffs. Three methods are common to utilize to degrade the degree of aflatoxins in nutrients and provenders. Chemical, mechanical and biological methods are applied to diminish the degree of taint in different types of nutrients. The FAO needs some conditions to accept the decontamination procedure. Any detoxification process must extinguish, demobilize or destruct toxins. Decontamination method should non bring forth any toxic in the concluding merchandises. These methods must take any fungous spores that could increase and bring forth new toxins. In physical detoxification, heat interventions, gumma radiation, UV or seeable visible radiation are applied. Chemical debasement is more practical and reasonable method. Sodium bisulphate Converts AFM1 to H2O soluble merchandise ( Doyle and Marth, . 1978, Hagler et al. , 1982 ) . Treatment with ammonium hydroxide, Ca hydrated oxide, methanal and clays are the chemical methods to cut down the hazard of aflatoxicosis. Some strains of lactic acid bacteriums ( LAB ) and barms have been reported to degrade of aflatoxins level in dairy merchandise ( El- Nezami et Al. , 1998 a ) . Work Plan In this research, the biological method will be applied to adhere the ability of AFM1 in milk and yoghurt. Two types of Lactic Acid Bacteria ( LAC ) , Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, will be used for this intent. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus is used for yoghurt production and found in other fermented merchandises. This strain is regarded as acidophilous bacteria PH ( 4.6- 5.4 ) and unable to ferment any sugar except Lactose. During fermenting to yogurt, it produces ethanal that is one of the yoghurt olfactory property elements. Streptococcus thermophilus converts lactose to lactic acid and ethanal. It is counted as a probiotic. In add-on, this strain alleviates the symptoms of lactose intolerance. In this method, samples of assorted types of milk and yoghurt will be collected from different stores. Whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, skimmed milk, low fat yogurt and high fat yogurt are traveling to be used in this research. The research processes include, civilization readying, taint with AFM1 in PBS, milk taint with AFM1, yogurt taint with AFM1, statistical analysis and consequences. At first, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.Bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus is cultivated and incubated so these bacteriums are centrifuged and washed with buffer. The following measure is suspending bacterial pellets in PBS, which is contaminated with AFM1. Then the bacterial pellets is incubated and centrifuged. Extracting the unbound AFM1 will be done by Immunoaffinity Columns ( IAC ) method and the process will be completed harmonizing to R-biopharm GmbH recommendation. This method will be repeated in milk and yogurt samples. Again, prepared bacterial pellets will be suspended in contaminated milk or yogurt with AFM1. Removing the unbound AFM1 will be done by IAC method after the incubation and extractor of milk and yoghurt samples. The statistical analysis will be based on the discrepancy comparing. Differences between discrepancies show the difference between adhering sums of AFM1 in two medium of two bacteriums. ANOVA and DUNCAN trial are suggested analyses methods in this research. The most of import thing in this undertaking is showing the adhering ability of LAB. Which type of these two strains has a more binding ability in comparing of another one? In add-on, another mark of this undertaking is to place the binding ability of milk and yogurt. Which merchandises adhering capableness is much greater than other? Alternatively, does the sum of fat have any consequence on AFM1 debasement? All the consequences will be discussed. The biological and chemical environment of each merchandise must be considered. To happen out the chief ground several factors must be intended. For illustration, medium PH, available enzymes in the merchandise, agitation, types of protein in each merchandise, sum of fat and type of bacteriums. To accomplish the best determination, utilizing the old researches related to this topic is advised. After accurate probes and sing all facets of this research, the concluding decision will be suggested. Different methods are available to pull out the unbound AFM1 from supernatant. Thin Layer Chromatography ( TLC ) , High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) , Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ( ELISA ) and Immunoaffinity Columns ( IAC ) . Immunoaffinity column is the most suited method for this research. This method purifies the substance from a mixture into a buffering solution, cut down the sum of substance in a mixture and purify and concentrate the enzyme solution. OBJECTIVES A ; GOALS The end of this undertaking is to diminish the degree of AFM1 in dairy merchandises with biological method to avoid the harmful consequence of this aflatoxin and suggest the new technique for this planetary job. The chief aims include: O Roll uping the samples O Fixing the LAB and AFM1 O Adding the LAB and AFM1 to supply samples O Detecting the unbound AFM1 with IAC method O Statistical analysis by ANOVA and DUNCAN trial O Geting the consequences To avoid prejudice in this undertaking some facets must be considered O Choosing the appropriate statistical trial O Sing the immaterial factors O Accuracy in sample collection O Applying sufficient volume and degree of used stuffs O Sing the truth of used equipments Timeline No Activities Date 1 Submit Grant Proposal December, 2009 2 Expected Grant Notification January, 2010 3 Provide Laboratory February, 2010 4 Obtain Materials and Equipments March, 2010 5 Project Start up April, 2010 6 Prepare Results Report June, 2010 7 Submit Project July, 2010 BENEFITS OF RESEARCH Aflatoxin M1 has been related with assorted diseases. It is diagnosed farm animal, domestic animate beings and homo in the worldwide. Certain environmental factors cause the happening of aflatoxins in animate beings. Such as geographical location, agricultural and agronomic process, bring forthing of Fungis that cause mycotoxins presence during preharvest, storage and processing. Aflatoxin M1 cause liver and kidney disfunction and malignant neoplastic disease in animate being and human. These are well depends on age, sex, species and nutrition. Clinical symptoms in carnal include ammonium hydroxide, reduced reproductivity, disfunction in nutrient use and GI jobs Evidence of aflatoxins wellness impact on homo has been reported from different country of universe particularly in 3rd universe states and the acute status of disease leads to human decease. Overall, because of all the issues that mentioned above aflatoxins have the irreparable impact on the universe economic system. Ineluctable presence of aflatoxins in nutrients and provenders and do the harmful consequence on homo and animate beings leads to detect and research the new methods for detoxification and degrading of these mycotoxins. In this undertaking, it is attempted to measure the consequence of lactic acid bacteriums on diminishing the degree of AFM1 in milk and yoghurt. If the result can be acceptable, it will be used for the remotion of AFM1 from dairy merchandises. The other account to utilize LAB for decontamination of AFM1 is the side effects of some mechanical and chemical methods. These techniques are non appropriate to use in dairy merchandises and the biological method in these instances has been advised Budget MATHERIALS 1 SOLID AFM1 ( SIGMA ) ?200 2 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ?250 3 Streptococcus thermophilus ?250 4 Phosphate Buffer Saline ( PBS ) ?100 5 Milk A ; Yoghurt ?50 6 Incubator ?1000 7 Centrifuge ?2500 8 Pipets 1-10 milliliters ?200 9 UV Light box and beginning ?500 10 Other equipments ?300 11 TOTAL ?5350 IAC EQUIPMENTS AFLASCAN KIT COMPONENTS 1 Aflascan unsusceptibility columns ?150 2 Florisil tips ?200 3 Glass syring barrel ?100 4 Plastic syring pump unit ?150 5 Rubber connection ?100 6 Fluroscent comparator card ?300 7 Sum ?1000 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Philip, Alexander and the Hellenistic period Research Paper

Philip, Alexander and the Hellenistic period - Research Paper Example Presently, numerous historians have associated Hellenistic period with the influence of Philip’s and Alexander’s regimes. This is because of their wisdom and exemplary leadership which they then exhibited, prompting the thriving of Hellenism and spreading of Greek’s influence to the Middle East. This period has also witnessed the emergence of creative art, literature, scientific breakthroughs and scholarly works by diverse philosophers. Philip and his son Alexander the Great contributed immensely to the shaping of the Hellenistic period’s culture. This is especially through the leaders who came after them though they were incompetent (Coffin et al. 157). Initially, Philip, due to his wisdom and exemplary leadership strategies, has managed to sway Greeks to attack Persia, but he has not managed to accomplish this mission during his lifetime. Afterwards, his son Alexander the Great managed to achieve this mission by waging massive campaigns during which he not only conquered Persia but also annexed Greece, Near East and Egypt. In 323 B.C, Alexander’s unexpected death at the age of 33 created a power vacuum, which prompted his closest generals to take over the empire’s leadership. However, due to internal wrangles which developed among them coupled with their leadership incompetence, the empire collapsed and split into three dynasties: Egypt under the Ptolemy’s leadership, Seleucia ruled by Seleucus, and Macedon (Coffin et al. 178). These dynasties varied considerably in their leadership styles, but they still maintained Alexander’s ideals, which contributed immensely to the spread of Greek civilization in the Middle East. Hellenistic period comprised two main features which differed from other civilizations. One of them was the large-scale aspect, which was contrary to the Polis’ period. The aspect entailed the deployment of large armies that consisted of 60,000-70,000 men